Body mass index as a determinant in the development of osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study

A A I Ayesa Febrinia Adyasputri; Putu Ayu Meka Raini

doi:10.70347/svsthya.v2i4.129

Authors

A A I Ayesa Febrinia Adyasputri Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta
Putu Ayu Meka Raini Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Universitas Hindu Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70347/svsthya.v2i4.129

Keywords:

Osteoarthritis, BMI, joint disease, degenerative, WOMAC questionnaire

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive degradation of articular cartilage, the formation of new bone (osteophytes), and changes in synovial and subchondral tissues. These pathological changes contribute to pain, joint stiffness, and functional impairment in OA. The primary risk factors for OA include advanced age and increased body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the association between BMI and the incidence of osteoarthritis. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 70 participants aged >40 years from Banjar Cepaka, Badung, Indonesia, using simple random sampling method. Osteoarthritis severity was assessed using the WOMAC questionnaire, while BMI was calculated from measured height and weight. Chi-square analysis was performed to determine the associations between variables. Osteoarthritis severity assessment using the WOMAC questionnaire demonstrated that 58.6% of the participants experienced severe symptoms, while 27.1% reported moderate symptoms. Chi-square analysis revealed a statistically significant association between BMI and osteoarthritis incidence (p = 0.000). The cross-tabulation showed that individuals with obesity class I had 81.2% severe osteoarthritis cases, while those with obesity class II had 83.3% severe cases and 16.7% very severe cases of osteoarthritis. In conclusion, a strong association between elevated BMI and osteoarthritis severity among adults over 40 years in rural Indonesia. The progressive relationship between increasing body weight and joint degeneration severity underscores the modifiable nature of this risk factor through weight management interventions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

A A I Ayesa Febrinia Adyasputri, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta

Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta

Putu Ayu Meka Raini, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Universitas Hindu Indonesia

Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Universitas Hindu Indonesia

References

Hunter DJ, Bierma ZS. Osteoarthritis. Lancet 2019;393:1745–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30417-9.

Sharma L. Osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med 2021;384:51–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1903768.

Long H, Liu Q, Yihn H, Wang K, Diao N, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence trends of site-specific osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019;74:1172–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42089

Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2018:198.

Kloppenburg M, Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: epidemiology and therapy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019;28:242–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.002.

Mobasheri A, Batt M. An update on the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016;59:333–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.004.

Zhang Y, Jordan JM, Loeser RF. Mechanisms of obesity and related metabolic conditions in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020;16:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-019-0327-x.

Aldo RR, Gusti RK. Hubungan obesitas dengan kejadian osteoarthritis pada lansia. J Kesehatan 2019;10:106–11. https://doi.org/10.55606/jrik.v1i2.2349.

Silverwood V, Blagojevic BM, Jinks C, Jordan JL, Protheroe J, Jordan K. Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022;30:8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.019.

Nedunchezhiyan U, Varughese I, Sun AR, Wu X, Crawford R, Prasadam I. Obesity, Inflammation, and Immune System in Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:907750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.907750.

Geyer M, Schönfeld C. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2018;14:98–107. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397113666170807122312.

Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJR, Agricola R. Osteoarthritis. Lancet 2015;386:376–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60802-3.

Balasundaram P, Daley SF. Public considerations regarding obesity. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. 2025:1–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283488/

Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH. Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risk. Korean J Fam Med 2020;41:365–73. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165.

Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Cai W, Wang Z, Zhao W. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and osteoarthritis: a two sample mendelian randomization analysis. Iran J Public Health 2023;52:2099–108. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13848.

Kaur R, Ghosh A, Singh A. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis and its determinants in 30-60 years old women of Gurdaspur, Punjab 2018;7:825–30. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2018.0516207062018.

Nata CE, Rahman S, Sakdiah S. Hubungan indeks massa tubuh dengan kejadian osteoarthritis lutut di Rumah Sakit Umum Zainoel Abidin Kota Banda Aceh. J Kedokteran Syiah Kuala 2020;20:138–42. https://doi.org/10.24815/jks.v20i3.18215.

Xu C, Liu T, Driban JB, McAlindo T, Eaton CB, Lu B. Dietary patterns and risk of developing knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021;29:834–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.571.

He Y, Zheng C, He MH, Huang JR. The causal relationship between body mass index and the risk of osteoarthritis. Int J Gen Med 2021;14:2227–37. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S314180.

Ibounig T, Simons T, Launonen A, Pajarinen J, Järvinen TLN. Glenohumeral osteoarthritis: an overview of etiology and diagnostics. Scand J Surg 2021;110:441–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920935018.

Yao Q, Wu X, Tao C, Gong W, Chen M, Qu M, et al. Osteoarthritis: pathogenic signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023;8:56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01330-w.

Francisco V, Pérez T, Pino J, López V, Franco E, Morales G, et al. Biomechanics, obesity, and osteoarthritis. The role of adipokines: when the levee breaks. J Orthop Res 2018;36:594–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23788.

Shumnalieva R, Kotov G, Monov S. Obesity-related knee osteoarthritis—current concepts. Life 2023;13:1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081650.

Salis Z, Gallego B, Nguyen TV, Sainsbury A. Association of decrease in body mass index with reduced incidence and progression of the structural defects of knee osteoarthritis: a prospective multicohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023;75:533–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42307.

Marriott KA, Birmingham TB. Fundamentals of osteoarthritis. Rehabilitation: exercise, diet, biomechanics, and physical therapist-delivered interventions. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023;31:1312–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2023.06.011.